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��ʮ���¹���̶��ί��y�P(gu��n)��(ji��)����/225 **��(ji��) ����������� / 226 �ڶ���(ji��) �ί�Ҫ�c / 228 ������(ji��) ���g(sh��)ԭ�� / 229 ���Ĺ�(ji��) ��̶�����(g��u)���x�� / 230 ���幝(ji��) ��(y��ng)�ü��g(sh��) / 232 ������(ji��) �g(sh��)����� / 236 ���߹�(ji��) ������B / 236 �ڰ˹�(ji��) ���l(f��)�Y���� / 236 ��ʮ���¹���̶��ڳC��ϥ�P(gu��n)��(ji��)�����еđ�(y��ng)��/239 **��(ji��) ϥ��(n��i)�����ⷭ���� / 240 �ڶ���(ji��) ϥ�P(gu��n)��(ji��)ʸ������� / 242 ��ʮ����Ilizarov ���g(sh��)�ڳC�����׻����еđ�(y��ng)��/249 **��(ji��) ���׻��β��� / 250 �ڶ���(ji��) ���׻��η���ί�Ҫ�c / 251 ������(ji��) ��(g��u)���x�� / 257 ���Ĺ�(ji��) �������E / 259 ���幝(ji��) �g(sh��)�����������呟� / 261 ������(ji��) ���l(f��)�Y���� / 261 ��ʮ�������׷�����̶������Ƽ��R����(y��ng)��/263 **��(ji��) �����c��� / 264 �ڶ���(ji��) ���׷�����̶��� / 264 ������(ji��) �������E / 267 ���Ĺ�(ji��) �R����(y��ng)�� / 268 ���幝(ji��) ������B / 269 ������(ji��) �g(sh��)����� / 269 ���߹�(ji��) ���׷�����̶�����(y��u)ȱ�c / 271 ��ʮ���¹���̶����g(sh��)�C�μ�����|(zh��)�׺��z�Y��֫����/273 **��(ji��) ���� / 274 �ڶ���(ji��) ������|(zh��)�׺��z�Y��֫���γC���������l�� / 274 ������(ji��) Ilizarov ���g(sh��)�ί�������|(zh��)�׺��z�Y��֫���ε����c / 275 ���Ĺ�(ji��) Ilizarov ���g(sh��)�������C��ϥ�������s���� / 276 ���幝(ji��) ���Ͳ��� / 278 ������(ji��) ��Ч�u�����R���Y(ji��)������ / 278 ��ʮ���¹���̶��ڳC���X�԰c����֫�����еđ�(y��ng)��/281 **��(ji��) ���� / 282 �ڶ���(ji��) Ilizarov ���g(sh��)�C���X�԰c����֫�ض�ϥ�������� / 284 ������(ji��) ���g(sh��)�C���X�԰c��ϥ�������ΰ��x�Ǹ�λ / 284 ���Ĺ�(ji��) Ilizarov ���g(sh��)�C���X�԰c����(y��n)�����׻��� / 287 ���幝(ji��) Ilizarov ���g(sh��)�C���������������X�c��֫����չ�� / 288 ��ʮ���¹���̶��C�μ�������֫����/291 **��(ji��) ��������� / 292 �ڶ���(ji��) �ί�Ҫ�c / 293 ������(ji��) ��(g��u)���x�� / 294 ���Ĺ�(ji��) �������E / 295 ���幝(ji��) �g(sh��)����� / 295 ������(ji��) ������B / 296 ���߹�(ji��) ���l(f��)�Y���� / 296 �ڶ�ʮ�¹���̶��C�γɹDz�ȫ��֫����/299 **��(ji��) �����c�R�����F(xi��n) / 300 �ڶ���(ji��) 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Ä�ǙM�򠿏��ί������� / 359 ������(ji��) Ä�ǙM�򠿏��Ӊ��ί���֫ȱѪ�Լ��� / 364 ���Ĺ�(ji��) ���L(f��ng)�ټ��g(sh��)�ί�֫��ȱѪ�ԉ��� / 369 �ڶ�ʮ���¹���̶��ί���֫����/371 **��(ji��) �i�ǹ��� / 372 �ڶ���(ji��) �Źǽ��˹��� / 374 ������(ji��) �ŹǸɹ��� / 375 ���Ĺ�(ji��) �Ź��h(yu��n)�˹��� / 378 ���幝(ji��) ǰ�۹��� / 380 ������(ji��) ����h(yu��n)�˹��� / 382 ���߹�(ji��) �ֲ����� / 384 �ڶ�ʮ���¹���̶��ί���֫����/387 **��(ji��) �ɹǹ��� / 388 �ڶ���(ji��) ϥ�P(gu��n)��(ji��)���� / 394 ������(ji��) Ä��ǹ��� / 396 ���Ĺ�(ji��) ���P(gu��n)��(ji��)���� / 398 �ڶ�ʮ���¹���̶��ڇ�(y��n)�؄�(chu��ng)�������еđ�(y��ng)��/401 **��(ji��) ����̶����g(sh��)���Ώ�(f��)�s��(chu��ng)�����۵ă�(y��u)�� / 402 �ڶ���(ji��) ���Κ��p��֫�w�p�� / 402 ������(ji��) ����̶��ڔ�֫��ֲ�c���L�еđ�(y��ng)�� / 404 �ڶ�ʮ���‘�(y��ng)�ý��ʼ��ᘲ���/407 **��(ji��) ��֫���ʌ���D / 408 �ڶ���(ji��) ��֫���ʷ֌ӈD / 416 Contents Chapter 1 Development and Innovation of External Fixation Technique / 1 Section 1 Pre-Ilizarov Era / 2 Section 2 Ilizarov Technology Era / 2 Section 3 Development of the External Fixator in China / 5 Section 4 Development and Innovation of Combined External Fixator / 6 Chapter 2 Regenerative Cybernetics / 13 Section 1 Enlightenment from the Law of Tensile Stress / 14 Section 2 Mechanobiology and Progress / 20 Section 3 Conception and Formation of Regenerative Cybernetics / 24 Section 4 Static Balance / 29 Section 5 Pressurized Fixation / 30 Section 6 Reciprocating Stress Mode / 30 Section 7 Potential Energy Balance / 31 Section 8 Bionic Fixed Mode / 33 Section 9 Trauma Control / 35 Section 10 Curative Effect Control / 38 Section 11 Summary / 39 Chapter 3 General Principles of External Fixation in Orthopaedic Surgery / 41 Section 1 Classification and Evaluation of Diagnosis and Treatment of Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgery / 42 Section 2 Principles for Evaluation and Correction of Lower Limb Deformities / 46 Section 3 Minimally Invasive Osteotomy System / 63 Section 4 Preoperative Examination and Evaluation of Curative Effect of Lower Limb Incomplete Deformity / 72 Section 5 Orthopaedic Surgery and External Fixation-Ilizarov Technique / 75 Section 6 Orthopedic Principles of Common External Fixators / 78 Chapter 4 Introduction of Limb Shortening and Lengthening / 81 Section 1 Etiology and Classification of the Limb Shortening Deformity / 82 Section 2 Development of Ilizarov Extender / 90 Section 3 Technology Application / 92 Section 4 Factors Affecting Mineralization of New Bone in Lengthened Segments / 98 Section 5 Classification��Prevention and Treatment of Complications of Limb Lengthening / 101 Chapter 5 External Fixation for Correction of Shortening Deformity of Upper Limb / 109 Section 1 Unilateral Lengthening of Humerus / 110 Section 2 Bilateral Humerus Lengthening / 112 Section 3 Lengthening of Forearm / 113 Chapter 6 External Fixation for Correction of Lower Limb Shortening / 117 Section 1 Lengthening of Leg / 118 Section 2 Lengthening of Thigh / 131 Section 3 Background of Lower Limb Lengthening / 141 Section 4 Lengthening of Both Lower Limbs / 144 Chapter 7 External Fixation for Correction of Cubitus Valgus / 155 Section 1 Etiology��Classification and Diagnosis / 156 Section 2 Treatment Points / 157 Section 3 Selection of External Fixator / 160 Section 4 Surgical Procedures / 161 Section 5 Postoperative Management and Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 162 Chapter 8 External Fixation for the Treatment of Upper Radioulnar Arthrodesis / 167 Section 1 Etiology��Pathology and Diagnostic Classification / 168 Section 2 Treatment Points / 169 Section 3 Treatment of the Superior Radioulnar Arthrodesis / 170 Section 4 Clinical Application / 171 Section 5 Operation Steps / 172 Section 6 Postoperative Management and Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 175 Chapter 9 External Fixation for Correction of Wrist Joint Deformity / 179 Section 1 Etiology and Pathology / 180 Section 2 Treatment Points / 180 Section 3 Treatment Points / 181 Section 4 Configuration Selection / 182 Section 5 Application Technology / 183 Section 6 Postoperative Management / 186 Section 7 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 187 Chapter 10 Application of External Fixation in Functional Reconstruction of Hand / 189 Section 1 Etiology��Pathology and Classification / 190 Section 2 Treatment Points / 191 Section 3 Configuration Selection / 192 Section 4 Operation Steps / 193 Section 5 Postoperative Management / 195 Section 6 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 196 Chapter 11 Application of Cephalopelvic Ring in the Correction of Scoliosis / 197 Section 1 Etiology��Diagnosis and Classification / 198 Section 2 Treatment Points / 204 Section 3 Configuration Selection / 206 Section 4 Operation Steps / 209 Section 5 Postoperative Management / 211 Section 6 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 213 Section 7 Case Introduction / 217 Chapter 12 Application of External Fixation in Correction of Pelvis-Hip Joint Deformity / 221 Section 1 Correction of Severe Pelvic Tilt Deformity / 222 Section 2 Subtrochanteric Adduction Osteotomy for Abduction and External Rotation of the Hip / 222 Section 3 Correction of Coxa Vara and Internal Rotation Deformity / 223 Section 4 Subtrochanteric Abduction Osteotomy for Coxa Vara Deformity / 223 Chapter 13 External Fixation for Hip Joint Diseases / 225 Section 1 Etiology��Pathology and Classification / 226 Section 2 Treatment Points / 228 Section 3 Technical Principles / 229 Section 4 Configuration Selection of External Fixator / 230 Section 5 Application Technology / 232 Section 6 Postoperative Management / 236 Section 7 Case Introduction / 236 Section 8 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 236 Chapter 14 Application of External Fixation in the Correction of Knee Joint Deformity / 239 Section 1 Varus and Valgus of the First Knee / 240 Section 2 Sagittal Deformity of Knee Joint / 242 Chapter 15 Application of Ilizarov Technique in Correction of Foot and Ankle Deformity / 249 Section 1 Etiology of Foot and Ankle Deformities / 250 Section 2 Classification and Treatment of Foot and Ankle Deformities / 251 Section 3 Configuration Selection / 257 Section 4 Operation Steps / 259 Section 5 Postoperative Management and Functional Exercise / 261 Section 6 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 261 Chapter 16 Development and Clinical Application of Bionic External Fixator for Foot and Ankle / 263 Section 1 Etiology and Classification / 264 Section 2 Bionic External Fixator for the Ankle / 264 Section 3 Operation Steps / 267 Section 4 Clinical Application / 268 Section 5 Case Introduction / 269 Section 6 Postoperative Management / 269 Section 7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Foot and Ankle Bionic External Fixator / 271 Chapter 17 External Fixation Technique for Correction of Lower Limb Deformity in Poliomyelitis Sequelae / 273 Section 1 Introduction / 274 Section 2 Favorable Conditions for Correction of Lower Limb Deformities in Poliomyelitis Sequelae / 274 Section 3 Characteristics of Lower Limb Deformity Treated by Ilizarov Technique in Sequelae of Poliomyelitis / 275 Section 4 Correction of Knee Flexion Contracture Deformity with Ilizarov Technique / 276 Section 5 Typical Cases / 278 Section 6 Evaluation of Curative Effect and Analysis of Clinical Results / 278 Chapter 18 Application of External Fixation in Correcting Lower Limb Deformity of Cerebral Palsy / 281 Section 1 Introduction / 282 Section 2 Ilizarov Technique for Correcting Severe Knee Flexion Deformity in Cerebral Palsy / 284 Section 3 Surgical Correction of Knee Flexion Deformity with High Patella in Cerebral Palsy / 284 Section 4 Ilizarov Technique for Correcting Severe Foot and Ankle Deformities in Cerebral Palsy / 287 Section 5 Prospects for Ilizarov Technique in Correcting Lower Limb Deformities in Juvenile or Adult Cerebral Palsy / 288 Chapter 19 External Fixation for the Treatment of Spina Bifida Lower Limb Deformity / 291 Section 1 Classification of Etiology and Pathology / 292 Section 2 Treatment Points / 293 Section 3 Configuration Selection / 295 Section 4 Operation Steps / 295 Section 5 Postoperative Management / 296 Section 6 Case Introduction / 296 Section 7 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 297 Chapter 20 External Fixation for Correction of Osteogenesis Imperfecta Lower Limb Deformity / 299 Section 1 Classification and Clinical Manifestations / 300 Section 2 Treatment and Prevention / 305 Section 3 Postoperative Management / 307 Chapter 21 External Fixation for Nonunion / 309 Section 1 Introduction of Nonunion / 310 Section 2 Etiological Diagnosis and Classification / 310 Section 3 Principle of External Bone Fixation / 313 Section 4 Applied Technologies / 313 Section 5 Clinical Application / 315 Section 6 Postoperative Management / 318 Section 7 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 319 Chapter 22 External Fixation for Congenital Pseudoarthrosis of Tibia / 321 Section 1 Diagnosis of the Etiology of the Congenital Pseudarthrosis of Tibia / 322 Section 2 Treatment Points / 324 Section 3 Configuration of External Fixator / 325 Section 4 Surgical Steps / 327 Section 5 Postoperative Management / 330 Section 6 Case Introduction / 331 Section 7 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 331 Chapter 23 External Fixation for Infectious Bone Defect / 333 Section 1 Etiology��Diagnosis and Classification / 334 Section 2 Technical Principles / 337 Section 3 Technical Principles / 338 Section 4 Configuration Selection / 341 Section 5 Clinical Application Technology / 342 Section 6 Occult Chronic Osteomyelitis / 349 Section 7 Postoperative Management / 350 Section 8 Prevention and Treatment of Complications / 351 Chapter 24 External Fixation for Ischemic Diseases of Lower Extremities / 355 Section 1 Principle of the External Fixation in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot / 356 Section 2 Treatment of Diabetic Foot by Transverse Distraction of the Tibia / 359 Section 3 Treatment of Ischemic Disease of Lower Limb by Transverse Distraction Compression of Third Tibia / 364 Section 4 Accordion Technique in the Treatment of Acral Ischemic Necrosis / 369 Chapter 25 External Fixation for Upper Limb Fractures / 371 Section 1 Fracture of Clavicle / 372 Section 2 Fracture of Proximal End of Humerus / 374 Section 3 Humeral Shaft Fracture / 375 Section 4 Fracture of Distal End of Humerus / 378 Section 5 Fracture of Forearm / 380 Section 6 Fracture of Distal End of Radius / 382 Section 7 Hand Fracture / 384 Chapter 26 External Fixation for the Treatment of Lower Limb Fractures / 387 Section 1 Fracture of Femur / 388 Section 2 Knee Fracture / 394 Section 3 Fracture of Tibia and Fibula / 396 Section 4Ankle Fracture / 398 Chapter 27 Application of External Fixation in Severe Traumatic Fracture / 401 Section 1 Advantages of the External Fixation Technique in the Treatment of Complex Traumatic Fractures / 402 Section 2 Treatment of Mutilating Limb Injuries / 402 Section 3 Application of External Fixation in Replantation and Lengthening of Amputated Limb / 404 Chapter 28 Applied Anatomy and Needle Layout / 407 Section 1 Anatomical Layers of Upper Limb / 408 Section 2 Lower Limb Anatomical Layered Diagram / 416
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