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1 History, Present and Prospect of Ayurveda - 001 1.1 History of Ayurveda - 003 1.1.1 Vedic Period - 003 1.1.2 Upanishadic Literature - 008 1.1.3 Purana Literature - 009 1.1.4 Buddhist Literature - 009 1.1.5 Samhita Period - 010 1.1.6 Medieval Period and Colonial Rule - 014 1.2 Basic Concepts in Ayurveda - 015 1.2.1 Panchamahabhutas (Five Elements) - 016 1.2.2 Doshas (Biologicial Energies) - 016 1.2.3 Prakriti (Constitution) - 019 1.2.4 Dhatus (Tissues) - 020 1.2.5 Ojas (Essence of Dhatu) - 022 1.2.6 Malas (Waste Products) - 023 1.2.7 Agni (Transinformatory Energy) - 023 1.2.8 Ama (Undigested Metabolities) - 024 1.2.9 Srotas (Circulatory Channels) - 024 1.2.10 Manas (Mind) - 025 1.2.11 Ayurvedic Treatment Approaches - 026 1.2.12 Traya Upastamaba (Three Supportive Pillars) - 027 1.2.13 Swasthavrtta (Healthy Lifestyle Practice) - 029  1.3 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030 1.3.1 Present Status of Ayurveda in India - 030 1.3.2 Present Status of Ayurveda Outside India - 042 1.4 Ayurveda in Future - 045 References - 046 2 History, Present and Prospect of Chiropractic - 048 2.1 The History of Chiropractic (1880s through 1990s) - 049 2.1.1 Antecedents to Chiropractic - 049 2.1.2 Origins of Chiropractic - 051 2.1.3 Clinical Elements of Practice - 052 2.1.4 Training - 052 2.1.5 Licensure - 052 2.1.6 Scope and Practice - 053 2.1.7 Research, Journals, and Scientific Conferences - 053 2.2 The Chiropractic Profession Today (2000 to the Present) - 055 2.2.1 Training - 056 2.2.2 Licensure - 058 2.2.3 Scope and Practice - 059 2.2.4 Spinal Adjustments as the Common Thread - 059 2.2.5 Specialties - 060 2.2.6 Diagnostic Imaging - 060 2.2.7 Athletic and Sports-Related Care - 060 2.2.8 Economic Considerations - 061 2.2.9 Reimbursement - 062 2.2.10 Emerging Models of Practice - 064 2.2.11 Public Perception - 066 2.2.12 Research, Journals, and Scientific Conferences - 067 2.2.13 The World View - 067  2.3 Potential Futures for the Chiropractic Profession - 067 2.3.1 Introduction - 067 2.3.2 Healthcare Landscape and Trends - 069 2.3.3 The Internet of Things (IOT) - 071 2.3.4 Training, Licensing, Scope of Practice and Regulations - 073 2.3.5 Market for Chiropractic Services and the Practice of Chiropractic - 077 2.3.6 Integration - 078 2.3.7 Competition from Other Provider Types - 078 2.3.8 Chiropractic Research - 079 2.3.9 Public Perception of the Chiropractic Profession - 080 References - 081 History and Present of European Traditional Herbal Medicine (Phytotherapie) - 085 3 3.1 Main Concepts - 086 3.1.1 Phytotherapy and Mainstream Medicine - 087 3.1.2 Effect and Efficacy - 087 3.1.3 Finding and Feeling - 087 3.2 The History of European Traditional Herbal Medicine (European Phytotherapy) - 089 3.3 Traditional European Herbal Medicine in the Health System - 098 3.3.1 Phytotherapeutic Products in Germany and Europe in the Last 100 Years - 098 3.3.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to this Traditional Medicine - 102 3.3.3 Clinical Management - 109 3.3.4 Standardization - 110 3.3.5 Education and Training - 113 3.3.6 Organizations in the Field of European Phytopharmaceuticals - 118  3.3.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy, Quality and Safety - 118 3.3.8 Products and Trading - 128 3.3.9 Dosage Forms of Herbal Medicinal Products - 131 3.3.10 Overseas Communication - 133 3.3.11 Current Challenges: Synergism the New Concept? - 134 3.3.12 Cultivation and Origin of Medicinal Drugs - 135 Appendix Short Overview of Typical Phytochemical Applications - 139 References - 157 History, Present and Prospect of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 158 4 4.1 A Brief History of Arab Medicine - 160 4.1.1 Early Arab and Islamic Medicine - 160 4.1.2 Greco-Arab and Islamic Medicine - 162 4.1.3 Prominent Arab and Muslim Physicians - 163 4.1.4 Rhazes (Al-Razi, 864�C930 AD) - 164 4.1.5 Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980�C1037 AD) - 165 4.1.6 Alhacen (Ibn al-Haitham, 965�C1040 AD) - 167 4.1.7 Ibn al-Nafis (1213�C1288 AD) - 167 4.1.8 Abulcasis (Al-Zahrawi, 936�C1013 AD) - 168 4.1.9 Alkindus (Al-Kindi, 800�C873 AD) - 169 4.1.10 Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr 1091�C1162 AD) - 169 4.1.11 The Role of Arabs and Muslims in the Development of Pharmacology - 169 4.1.12 Poisons and their Antidotes in Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 171 4.1.13 Hospitals in the Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 171 4.1.14 Current Status of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 173  4.2 Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in the Mediterranean - 177 4.3 Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes, Obesity, Cardiovascular Diseases - 181 4.3.1 Olea Europaea (Olive Tree) - 182 4.3.2 Punica Granatum (The Pomegranate) - 187 4.3.3 Black Seeds (Nigella Sativa) - 190 4.3.4 Curcuma Longa Rhizomes (Turmeric) - 192 4.3.5 Cumin (Cuminum Cyminum L.) - 194 4.4 Prospect of Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine - 195 References - 199 5 History, Present and Prospect of Homeopathy - 203 5.1 History and Philosophy of Homeopathy - 204 5.1.1 Definition of Homeopathy - 204 5.1.2 Origin of Homeopathy - 204 5.1.3 Basic Principles - 206 5.1.4 Specific Concept of Health and Disease - 210 5.2 Current Status of Homeopathy - 214 5.2.1 Overview of National Health Service System and Integration of Homeopathy into National Health System - 214 5.2.2 Policies and Regulations Specific to Homeopathic Practice - 217 5.2.3 Regulation of Homeopathic Medicinal Products (HMP) - 221 5.2.4 Clinical Management - 234 5.2.5 Standardization - 239 5.2.6 Education and Training - 241 5.2.7 Scientific Research and Evaluation for Efficacy, Quality, and Safety (If Available) - 244 5.2.8 Homeopathic Medicines - 252  5.2.9 Trading - 252 5.2.10 Overseas Communication - 253 5.3 Prospect of Homeopathy - 253 5.3.1 The Need for Water Research - 253 5.3.2 The Need for Good Research Strategy - 254 5.3.3 The Need for Targeted Research into Specific Medical Conditions - 254 5.3.4 The Need for International Awareness of National Policies Which are T&CM-Unfriendly - 255 5.3.5 The Possibility of Supra-National Collaboration - 257 References - 257 6 History, Present and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 260 6.1 History of Kampo Medicine - 261 6.1.1 Ancient Era - 261 6.1.2 Medieval Age - 262 6.1.3 Meiji Restoration - 269 6.1.4 After the World War II - 273 6.2 Current Status of Kampo Medicine - 280 6.2.1 National Healthcare System and Integration of Traditional Medicine into National Healthcare - 280 6.2.2 Insurance Coverage of Kampo Medicine/Acupuncture & Moxibustion - 280 6.2.3 Licensure System, Training and Education - 281 6.2.4 Trade and Product - 282 6.2.5 Academic Societies and Research Centers for Kampo Medicine - 283 6.2.6 Overseas Communication: Academic Symposium and Conference - 286  6.2.7 Japan's Contribution to International Standardization of Traditional Medicine - 288 6.3 Challenges and Prospect of Kampo Medicine - 290 References - 291 7 History, Present and Prospect of Korean Medicine - 293 7.1 History of Korean Medicine - 296 7.1.1 Ancient Times to Unified Silla Era - 296 7.1.2 Goryeo Dynasty - 296 7.1.3 Early and Mid-Joseon Dynasty Period - 297 7.1.4 Late Joseon Dynasty to Japanese Colonial Period - 299 7.1.5 1945 to Present - 300 7.2 Components of Korean Medicine - 302 7.2.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 302 7.2.2 Moxibustion - 305 7.2.3 Cupping - 305 7.2.4 Herbal Medicine Therapy - 306 7.2.5 Herbal Acupuncture Therapy (Pharmacopuncture) - 306 7.2.6 Chuna Manual Therapy - 307 7.2.7 Sasang Constitutional Medicine - 307 7.3 Legal Status and Administration of Korean Medicine - 310 7.3.1 Overview of Health Care System in Korea - 310 7.3.2 Legal Status and Administrational Body for Korean Medicine - 312 7.3.3 National Development Plans for Korean Medicine - 313 7.3.4 Policies on Korean Medicine Services - 314 7.3.5 Policies and Regulations on Herbal Medicines - 321 7.4 Resources and Utilization of Korean Medicine - 324 7.4.1 Human Resources - 324  7.4.2 Hospitals, Clinics, and Pharmacies, etc. - 325 7.4.3 Usage of the Korean Medicine Services - 327 7.5 Education in Korean Medicine - 329 7.5.1 Overview - 329 7.5.2 Education System for Korean Medicine Doctor - 331 7.5.3 Education System for Herbal Pharmacist - 333 7.5.4 Clinical Specialist Education - 333 7.5.5 Continuing Medical Education in Korean Medicine - 334 7.5.6 Accreditation and Evaluation of Education for Korean Medicine Institutions - 334 7.6 Korean Medicine in Health Security System - 336 7.6.1 National Health Insurance and Korean Medicine - 336 7.6.2 Other Medical Guarantees and Korean Medicine - 339 7.6.3 Patient Classification System in Korean Medicine - 340 7.7 Industry and R&D of Korean Medicine - 341 7.7.1 Overview - 341 7.7.2 Korean Medicine Industry - 342 7.7.3 Research & Development of Korean Medicine - 344 7.8 Future Directions for Korean Medicine - 348 7.8.1 Improving Reliability of Korean Medicine through Scientific Evidence Accumulation - 348 7.8.2 Innovating Korean Medicine Education - 349 7.8.3 Expanding Health Insurance Coverage for Korean Medicine - 349 7.8.4 Enhancing the Korean Medicine-Western Medicine Co-practice - 350 7.8.5 Promoting Korean Medicine Industry and R&D - 350 References - 351 Appendix Act on the Promotion of Korean Medicine and Pharmaceuticals (Act No. 15910) - 352  History, Present and Prospect of Traditional Chinese Medicine - 356 8 8.1 The Sprouting, Formation and Development - 357 8.1.1 The Origin of Traditional Chinese Medicine - 357 8.1.2 TCM in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties (221 BCE�C220 CE) - 360 8.1.3 TCM in the Wei, Jin, Southern & Northern, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties (220�C960) - 362 8.1.4 The Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties (960�C1368) - 364 8.1.5 TCM in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368�C1912) - 369 8.1.6 TCM in Modern Times - 373 8.2 The Fundamentals and Concepts of TCM - 379 8.2.1 Yin-Yang Theory - 380 8.2.2 The Five-Element Theory - 381 8.2.3 The Zang-Fu Theory - 381 8.2.4 Qi, Blood and Body Fluids - 383 8.2.5 Meridians - 386 8.2.6 Characteristics and Practice of TCM Clinical Thinking - 387 8.3 TCM Healthcare Skills and Practices - 388 8.3.1 Acupuncture Therapy - 388 8.3.2 Tuina - 391 8.3.3 Qigong and Daoyin - 392 8.3.4 Cupping Therapy - 394 8.3.5 Chinese Herbal Medicine - 395 8.3.6 Health Preservation - 398 8.4 Current Status of TCM - 401 8.4.1 Policies and Measures on TCM Development - 401 8.4.2 Regulations on TCM Service - 402 8.4.3 TCM Service - 404 8.4.4 Education and Training for TCM Professionals - 406 8.4.5 TCM Research and Innovation - 407  8.4.6 TCM Pharmaceutical Industry - 409 8.4.7 TCM Standardization and Cultural Development - 410 8.4.8 International Exchange and Cooperation in TCM - 411 8.5 Future Directions for TCM - 412 8.5.1 Improving TCM Service System - 412 8.5.2 Giving Play to the Unique Role of TCM in Maintaining and Promoting People's Health - 412 8.5.3 Promoting TCM Quality Enhancement and High-Quality TCM Industry Development - 413 8.5.4 Strengthening the Building of TCM Professionals - 413 8.5.5 Facilitating the TCM Inheritance, Openness and Innovative Development - 413 8.5.6 Reforming and Improving the TCM Management System and Mechanism - 413 Reference - 413 Appendix I Traditional Chinese Medicine in China - 415 Appendix II Law of the People's Republic of China on Traditional Chinese Medicine - 421 Appendix III Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol (the 9th Edition) - 427 Appendix IV WHO Expert Meeting on Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of COVID-19 - 431  History, Present and Prospect of Thai Traditional Medicine - 439 9 9.1 The Principles of Thai Traditional Medicine - 440 9.1.1 The Four Elements (Dhatu) of the Body and the Causes of Illnesses - 440 9.1.2 Examination and Diagnostic Procedures of TTM - 441 9.1.3 Treatment Modalities in TTM - 441 9.2 History of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444 9.2.1 History of the Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 444 9.2.2 The Revival of Thai Traditional Medicine - 445 9.2.3 Milestone of Major Events, Changes and Achievements in TTM after the Establishment of DTAM - 449 9.3 Current Situations and Status of Thai Traditional Medicine (2020�C2021) - 453 9.3.1 Current Situation of the 4P of TTM - 454 9.3.2 The Current Situation of Ongoing Agenda-Driven Projects on TTM Based on the Government Policies and the National Strategy (2020�C2021) - 464 9.4 Future Development of Thai Traditional Medicine - 471 9.4.1 TTM Practice and Provision of TTM Service - 471 9.4.2 TTM Practitioners and TTM Educational System - 471 9.4.3 TTM Products and Herbal Products for Economy - 471 9.4.4 Protection and Promotion of Thai Traditional Medicine Knowledge - 472 9.4.5 Medical Cannabis Service - 472 References - 472